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Claudia Marcella was the name of the two daughters of Octavia Minor, the sister of Roman emperor Augustus, by her first husband, the consul Gaius Claudius Marcellus.〔Lightman, ''A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women'', p.p.204-5〕 According to the Roman Historian Suetonius, they were known as the The Marcellae sisters and they are also known as the two Marcellae.〔Kleiner, ''Cleopatra and Rome'', p.32〕 The sisters were born in Rome. Between 40 BC-36 BC, they lived with their mother and their stepfather Triumvir Mark Antony in Athens, Greece. After 36 BC they accompanied their mother when she returned to Rome with their siblings. They were raised and educated by their mother, their maternal uncle, Roman emperor Augustus, and their maternal aunt-in-marriage Roman Empress Livia Drusilla.〔Lightman, ''A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women'', p.p.204-5〕 These two daughters of Octavia Minor and Gaius Claudius Marcellus with their siblings, provide a critical link between the past of the Roman Republic and the new Roman Empire.〔Lightman, ''A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women'', p.205〕 The marriages of the sisters and the children born to their unions assured republican family lines into the next generation.〔Lightman, ''A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women'', p.204〕 ==Claudia Marcella Major== Claudia Marcella Major〔Minto, ''The Heliopolis Scrolls'', p.159〕 (''PIR2'' C 1102; ''Major'' Latin for ''the elder'', born 41 BC) also known as Claudia Marcella Maior;〔Freisenbruch, ''Caesars' Wives: Sex, Power, and Politics in the Roman Empire'', p.277〕 Marcella Maior;〔Stern, ''Women, Children, and Senators on the Ara Pacis Augustae: A Study of Augustus' Vision of a New World Order in 13 BC'', p.381〕 Claudia Marcella the Elder〔Lightman, ''A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women'', p.204〕 and Marcella the Elder.〔(Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa article at Encyclopaedia Britannica )〕 Marcella belonged to the generation whose childhood was marred by the violence of the civil wars of the Roman Republic.〔Lightman, ''A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women'', p.204〕 Her first marriage took place to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa in 28 BC, as he married her as his second wife.〔Lightman, ''A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women'', p.204〕 Augustus held Agrippa in first place of honor of his estimation.〔Plutarch, Mark Antony, 87〕 Agrippa was a military man loyal to Octavian throughout the civil war.〔Lightman, ''A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women'', p.204〕 The marriage of Marcella and Agrippa probably occurred because of the strong bond between the two men.〔Kleiner, ''Cleopatra and Rome'', p.53〕 Marcella brought Agrippa a tie to an elite republican family.〔Lightman, ''A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women'', p.204〕 Although Agrippa was older than Marcella but austere, he appeared to be a good husband to Marcella.〔Lightman, ''A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women'', p.204〕 In the marriage of Marcella and Agrippa, they had children,〔Suetonius, Augustus, 63〕 however it is uncertain whether any of them survived to adulthood. A daughter may have been born to them,〔Lightman, ''A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women'', p.204〕 retrospectively called Vipsania Marcella Agrippina, in order to differentiate her from her half-sisters. The existence of Vipsania Marcella can be confirmed from a surviving fragment of papyrus of the oration Augustus delivered at the funeral of Agrippa early in 12 BC.〔Syme, ''The Augustan Aristocracy'', p. 146〕 The papyrus reveals that the general Publius Quinctilius Varus was a son-in-law of Agrippa〔Syme, ''The Augustan Aristocracy'', p. 146〕 and mentions the marriage of Vipsania Marcella to Publius Quinctilius Varus.〔Syme, ''The Augustan Aristocracy'', p. 146〕 In 23 BC the brother of Marcella, Marcus Claudius Marcellus died and Marcella’s paternal cousin Julia the Elder had become widowed from Marcellus’ death.〔Plutarch, Mark Antony, 87〕 In 21 BC, Agrippa divorced Marcella to marry Julia the daughter of Augustus.〔Plutarch, Mark Antony, 87〕 After Marcella divorced Agrippa, Octavia Minor received Marcella back in her house.〔Plutarch ''Mark Antony'' 87〕 Octavia Minor married Marcella to the future consul Iullus Antonius, the second son of Mark Antony from his third wife Fulvia〔Plutarch ''Mark Antony'' 87〕 who was held in high regard by Augustus.〔Plutarch ''Mark Antony'' 87〕 Marcella bore Iullus Antonius one son.〔Tacitus ''Annals'' 4.44. No other ancient source mentions additional children, although some novels create a second son for dramatic purposes. The link at (Ptolemaic Genealogy: Cleopatra VII – Footnote 42 ) follows a work of fiction to add a second son and fails to provide any ancient source (because there is none). Furthermore, the epigraphic evidence for a daughter is ruled out by the experts. See also Stern, ''Women, Children, and Senators on the Ara Pacis Augustae: A Study of Augustus' Vision of a New World Order in 13 BC'', p.381.〕 The son Lucius Antonius was sent to study in Marseilles (not an official exile) sometime after the disgrace of his father. In 2 BC, Iullus Antonius was forced to commit suicide after being found guilty of adultery with Julia the Elder. Prior to 1939, scholars believed that Marcella married a third husband after the death of Iullus Antonius, namely the Roman Senator and her distant maternal relative, Sextus Appuleius, the grandson of Octavia Major—the older half-sister of her mother.〔Tacitus, ''The Annals of Imperial Rome: Genealogical Tables - Table 1: Family of Tiberius'', p.431.〕 This is clearly wrong, because Marcella was the aunt of Appuleius, and aunt-nephew marriage was considered incest and therefore illegal. Sir Ronald Syme rightly doubted this marriage, although Michael Grant put it in his genealogical tables in his translation of Tacitus.〔Tacitus, ''The Annals of Imperial Rome: Genealogical Tables - Table 1: Family of Tiberius'', p.431〕 The daughter of Appuleius, Appuleia Varilla was by his unknown wife. Therefore, after the death of Iullus, nothing more is known on Marcella. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Claudia Marcella」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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